Trends and Realities of Foreign Crime in Japan (2025): An Analysis Based on Official Statistics

In recent years, public concern has grown in Japan that non-compliance with rules by foreign nationals may be undermining public safety and the sense of security in Japanese society. In response to the question "Is crime committed by foreign nationals increasing?," this report examines the current situation and recent trends as of 2025 based on official statistical data.

• Classification of Foreign Crime
• Trends in Arrests for Foreign Crime
• Overview of Crime by Visiting Foreign Nationals
• Breakdown of Crimes Committed by Visiting Foreign Nationals (2025)
• Increasing Organization of Crime by Visiting Foreign Nationals
• Conclusion

Classification of Foreign Crime

In the National Police Agency's crime statistics, data on crimes committed by foreigners is classified in detail from the perspectives of their residency status, applicable laws, type of crime, and organizational nature. Here, we introduce the classification based on residency status and applicable laws as a basic classification criterion. Classification

by Residency Status

The National Police Agency compiles and classifies crimes committed by foreigners into two categories: "Foreigners Visiting Japan" and "Other Foreigners."

・Foreigners Visiting Japan: This refers to foreigners residing in Japan, excluding permanent residents (permanent residents, spouses of permanent residents, etc., and special permanent residents), U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan, and those with unknown residency status. This includes medium- to long-term residents (engineers, specialists in humanities and international services, technical interns, specified skilled workers, students, long-term residents, etc.) and short-term residents (tourists, etc.). (※This also includes illegal residents of each residency status.)

・Other Foreigners: This includes permanent residents, special permanent residents, U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan, etc.

This classification criterion aims to extract crimes committed by groups with low levels of permanent residency in Japan as "crimes committed by foreigners visiting Japan," thereby distinguishing crimes committed by organized professional groups from those committed by ordinary resident foreigners (Korekawa 2025).

Classification by Applicable Law

All arrest cases are broadly classified into two categories depending on the type of law violated:

・Criminal Code offenses: Crimes stipulated in the Penal Code, such as murder, robbery, theft, and fraud.

・Special Law offenses: Crimes that violate laws other than the Penal Code. In foreigner statistics, violations of the Immigration Control Act (Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act), the Stimulant Control Act, and the Cannabis Control Act are treated as major items. Violations of the Road Traffic Act and Public Nuisance Prevention Ordinances are also included.

Trends in Arrests for Foreign Crime

Penal Code Offenses

Figure 1:　Trends in the number of arrests and individuals for criminal offenses committed by foreigners (1980-2025)

Note 1: For 2025, only data on cases and offenders involving visiting foreign nationals are shown.

Source: Created by the author based on Figure 4-9-2-1 of the Ministry of Justice (2025) and the National Police Agency (2026a)

The number of arrests for criminal offenses committed by foreigners (the sum of "foreigners visiting Japan" and "other foreigners") peaked at 43,622 in 2005 and had been on a long-term downward trend, but has been increasing since 2023 (Figure 1).

The number of arrests by "other foreigners" has been on a long-term downward trend and has remained flat in recent years.

On the other hand, the number of arrests by "foreigners visiting Japan" has recorded a rapid increase, more than doubling in three years, from 8,548 in 2022 to 10,040 in 2023, 13,405 in 2024, and 17,614 in 2025. This figure is significantly higher than the level before the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of arrests in 2025 was 7,333, a 15.2% increase from the previous year, reaching 82% of the peak in 2004. While these figures do not yet reach the peaks of 33,037 arrests (2005) and 8,898 arrests (2004) seen around 2005, if the current increase continues, these record highs may be surpassed.

Special Law Offenses

Figure 2: Trends in the Number of Cases and Offenders Arrested for Special Law Offenses by Foreign Nationals (1980–2025)

Note 1: For 2025, only data on cases and offenders involving visiting foreign nationals are shown.

Source: Created by the author based on Figure 4-9-2-4 of the Ministry of Justice (2025) and the National Police Agency (2026a)

The number of arrests for special law offenses committed by foreigners (the sum of "foreigners visiting Japan" and "other foreigners") peaked in 2005 at 16,585 cases, similar to criminal offenses (Figure 2). The

number of arrests by "other foreigners" has remained relatively flat since 1990.

The number of arrests by "foreigners visiting Japan" peaked in 2004 and then decreased sharply, but has been on an upward trend since reaching 6,035 cases in 2012. Although there was a temporary decrease due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number returned to pre-pandemic levels in 2023. However, unlike the number of arrests for criminal offenses, there has not been a sharp increase in recent years, and the number has remained flat from 2023 to 2025. In 2025, the number was 7,866, a decrease of 6.2% compared to the previous year.

Overview of Crime by Visiting Foreign Nationals

Overall Trends

Figure 3: Trends in the Number of Cases and Offenders Arrested for Crimes by Visiting Foreign Nationals (1989–2025)

Note 1: For the number of foreign residents, data up to 2011 are based on registered foreign residents, while data from 2012 onward are based on the number of foreign residents (excluding short-term visitors and including special permanent residents).

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-3 in National Police Agency (2026b) and e-Stat “Statistics on Foreign Residents in Japan (formerly Registered Foreign Residents Statistics).”

Figure 3 shows the total number of arrests (criminal offenses + special law offenses) of foreigners visiting Japan. Both the total number of arrests and the number of individuals remained relatively stable from 2012 to 2020, decreased for two consecutive years from 2021, but increased for three consecutive years from 2023.

The total number of arrests increased by 23.4% year-on-year in 2023 and by 20.5% year-on-year in 2024. In 2025, the total number of arrests was 25,480 (up 16.9% year-on-year), and the total number of individuals was 12,777 (up 5.0% year-on-year) (National Police Agency 2026b). The

recent increase in the number of arrests and individuals of foreigners visiting Japan is thought to be due to the increase in the number of foreign residents and foreign tourists visiting Japan. The number of foreign residents is steadily increasing, reaching a record high of 4,125,395 at the end of 2025. Furthermore, the number of foreign visitors to Japan has increased dramatically since the COVID-19 pandemic, reaching a record high of 42,683,600 in 2025.

Proportion of Crime Attributable to Visiting Foreign Nationals

Figure 4: Trends in the Proportion of Crimes by Visiting Foreign Nationals in Total Penal Code Arrests (Including Japanese Nationals) (1989–2025)

Note 1: For the “proportion of foreign residents in the total population,” data up to 2011 are based on registered foreign residents, while data from 2012 onward are based on the number of foreign residents.

Source:Created by the author based on Figure 3-11 of the National Police Agency (2026b) and the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2025), and e-Stat "Statistics on Foreign Residents (formerly Statistics on Registered Foreign Residents)".

Figure 4 is a graph showing the trend in the proportion of crimes committed by foreigners visiting Japan to the total number of arrests for criminal offenses (including arrests of Japanese citizens, etc.) and the trend in the proportion of foreign residents to the total population of Japan.

The proportion of crimes committed by foreigners visiting Japan to the total number of arrests for criminal offenses peaked at 5.1% in 2005 and has been decreasing ever since, remaining relatively stable at 3.1-3.4% from 2017 to 2022. However, it has been rising for three consecutive years since 2023, reaching a record high of 5.9% in 2025. The proportion of people arrested had been below 3% for many years, but has been on an upward trend since 2012, and has exceeded 3% since 2020. In 2025, it reached 3.7%, a new record high. Compared to

the proportion of foreign residents to the total population, in recent years, the proportion of foreign residents has been increasing, and at the same time, the proportion of crimes committed by foreigners visiting Japan, both in terms of the number of arrests and the number of people arrested, has also been rising. Looking at the period from 2023 to 2025, the growth rates of the proportion of foreign visitors to Japan among those arrested (blue) and the proportion of foreign residents in the total population (orange) are not significantly different, while the proportion of foreign visitors among those arrested has increased significantly.

However, it should be noted that statistically, "foreign residents" does not include short-term visitors such as tourists or those overstaying their visas, whereas crime statistics for "foreign visitors" do include short-term visitors and those overstaying their visas.

Impact of Decline in Overstayers

Figure 5: Trends in the Number of Overstayers

Source: Reproduced from Ministry of Justice (2026), Figure 1 (Gregorian calendar years added by the author).

Although the number of foreign residents continued to increase, the reason why the number of arrests and individuals of foreigners arriving in Japan decreased significantly after peaking around 2005 is likely due to a substantial decrease in the number of illegal residents (illegal residents are not included in the number of foreign residents).

In 2004, there were more than 200,000 illegal residents, and with the goal of halving that number, policies such as the amendment of the Immigration Control Act (2004), the introduction of the advance passenger information system (2005), and the mandatory provision of personal identification information (2007) were implemented (Ministry of Justice 2013).

As a result, the number of illegal residents decreased to approximately 110,000 by 2009. Furthermore, a new residency management system was introduced in 2009, and the number of illegal residents continued to decrease thereafter, falling to 59,061 by 2014.

As of January 2025, the number of undocumented residents was 74,863 (a decrease of 5.4% or 4,250 from the previous year), and as of January 2026, it was 68,488 (a decrease of 8.5% or 6,375 from the previous year), showing a decrease for two consecutive years. From this, it can be said that although there has been no significant change in the number of undocumented residents, crimes committed by foreigners in Japan have been increasing since 2023. According to the National Police Agency (2026b:54), when looking at the total number of arrests by legal and undocumented residency, in 2025, the proportion of legal residents was 70.2% and the proportion of undocumented residents was 29.8%, and this ratio has remained largely stable since 2020.

Breakdown of Crimes Committed by Visiting Foreign Nationals (2025)

By Crime Type

Figure 6:Arrest Status for Penal Code Offenses by Major Offense Categories (2025)

Note 1: "Bundle of crimes" is a classification name that encompasses crimes within the Penal Code that are strongly similar in terms of the legal interest to be harmed, the nature of the crime, etc.
Note 2: The explanation of each crime is as follows:
　　Violent crimes: Murder, robbery, arson, sexual intercourse without consent, etc.
　　Assault crimes: Assault, injury, threats, extortion, etc.
　　Theft crimes: Theft (pickpocketing, snatching, burglary, car theft)
　　White-collar crimes: Fraud, embezzlement, forgery, corruption, etc.
　　Morality crimes: Gambling, indecency without consent, public indecency, etc.
　　Other Penal Code crimes: Those that do not fall under the above (trespassing, property damage, etc.)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-8 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Looking at the arrest situation by comprehensive crime category under the Penal Code (Figure 6), theft accounts for 69% of the total number of arrests (12,226 cases) and 41% of the number of people arrested (3,030 people), a disproportionately high percentage. This is followed by violent crimes (1,566 cases, 9% of the total; 1,690 people, 23%), white-collar crimes (1,368 cases, 8% of the total; 683 people, 9%), heinous crimes (295 cases, 2% of the total; 341 people, 5%), and moral offenses (355 cases, 2% of the total; 283 people, 4%).

Furthermore, comparing the number of arrests and individuals by broad crime category with 2024, all crimes except for those related to the sex industry are on an upward trend. In particular, the number of arrests for white-collar crimes increased by 77.9% year-on-year, and the number of arrests for theft increased by 34.4% (National Police Agency 2026b: 54). Among serious crimes, the number of arrests for non-consensual sexual intercourse and similar offenses increased from 107 in 2024 to 134, and the number of arrests for abduction and human trafficking more than doubled from 11 to 21 (National Police Agency 2026a: 38).

Figure 7: Arrest Status for Special Law Offenses by Type of Legal Violation (2025)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-9 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Looking at the arrest statistics for special law offenses by type of law violated (Figure 7), violations of the Immigration Control Act account for over 60% of both the number of arrests and the number of people arrested. Drug offenses account for approximately 20%, with these two categories making up over 80% of the total.

However, compared to 2024, the number of arrests for violations of the Immigration Control Act decreased by 14.3%, and the number of people arrested decreased by 13.6%. On the other hand, drug offenses, which saw 829 arrests in 2022, increased to 1,083 in 2023, 1,296 in 2024, and 1,565 in 2025, representing a sharp increase of approximately 1.9 times in three years (Ministry of Justice 2025: 249).

By Status of Residence

Figure 8: Breakdown of Offenders (12,777 Individuals) by Status of Residence (2025)

Note 1: The categories “technical intern trainee,” “short-term visitor,” “student,” and “specified skilled worker” include overstayers.

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-10 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Figure 8 shows the breakdown of the 12,777 offenders in 2025 by status of residence among visiting foreign nationals. The largest group is technical intern trainees, with 2,812 individuals (22.0%), followed by short-term visitors, including foreign tourists, with 2,166 individuals (17.0%), and students, with 1,521 individuals (11.9%). Other categories include long-term residents, such as third-country resettled refugees, descendants of Japanese emigrants, and former Japanese nationals left in China, with 1,469 individuals (11.5%), followed by those holding Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services status with 1,069 individuals (8.4%), spouses of Japanese nationals with 799 individuals (6.3%), specified skilled workers with 626 individuals (4.9%), family stay visa holders with 525 individuals (4.1%), and those under designated activities status with 479 individuals (3.7%).

Figure 9: Trends in the Number of Offenders by Status of Residence (2016–2025)

Note 1: "Permanent residents" are not included in "Foreigners visiting Japan," but are included for reference.
Note 2: "Technical intern training," "Short-term stay," "Student," and "Specified Skilled Worker" include undocumented residents.

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figures 3-10 and 3-27 in National Police Agency (2025a).

Figure 9 shows the trend in the number of arrests by residence status over the past 10 years.

Most noteworthy is that the number of arrests of "permanent residents," which is listed as a reference value, has been the highest throughout the 10 years. Permanent residents are included in "other foreigners" and not "foreigners visiting Japan," so they are not included in the statistics for "foreigners visiting Japan." However, when looking at crimes committed by foreigners, including "other foreigners," by residence status, permanent residents account for the largest number of arrests. It should be noted that the National Police Agency has published detailed information on the arrest situation of permanent residents for the first time in the "Status of Organized Crime in 2025."

Among "foreigners visiting Japan," "technical intern trainees" have accounted for the largest number since 2020. "Short-term visitors" decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but returned to pre-pandemic levels from 2023 to 2025 and have remained stable. "Long-term residents" and "family visitors" have remained almost stable throughout the 10 years, and "international students" decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but have slightly increased since 2023, although they have not returned to pre-pandemic levels. The number of "Spouses of Japanese Nationals" is slightly decreasing, while the number of "Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services" and the newly established "Specified Skilled Worker" category are increasing.

By Nationality

Figure 10 Breakdown of arrests by nationality (2025)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-4 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Figure 11: Breakdown of Offenders by Nationality (2025)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-4 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Looking at the arrest statistics for crimes committed by foreigners in Japan by nationality (Figures 10 and 11), the most striking feature is that Vietnam and China account for approximately 50% of the total number of arrests (25,480 cases) and total number of arrests (12,777 people).

Vietnam has the highest number of arrests in both cases and individuals, with 10,773 cases (42.3%) and 4,167 individuals (32.6%). China is the next highest, with 3,114 cases (12.2%) and 2,062 individuals (16.1%). Looking at the

trends in arrests for the top five countries over the past 10 years (Figure 12), Vietnam has seen a significant increase in the number of arrests since 2022. Thailand surpassed China in the number of arrests in 2017, becoming the country with the most arrests, and also surpassed China in the number of arrests in 2019. On the other hand, while the number of arrests and arrests in China slightly increased in 2025 compared to the previous year, they are on a long-term downward trend. Another notable feature is the sharp increase in the number of arrests in Thailand since 2022.

Figure 12: Trends in Arrests among the Top Five Nationalities (2016–2025)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-5 in National Police Agency (2026b).

It is also noteworthy that there are significant differences in the types of crimes that are prosecuted depending on nationality (National Police Agency 2025b; 2026a; 2026b, Ministry of Justice 2025). The trends for each country in 2025 are summarized below.

・Vietnam: The number of criminal offenses prosecuted was 7,293 (an increase of 1,301 from the previous year), and the number of perpetrators was 1,913 (an increase of 335), both showing a significant increase. In particular, Vietnam holds an overwhelming share in theft, accounting for 49.0% (5,993 cases) of all theft prosecutions, 69.5% (3,018 cases) of burglary, and 58.4% (1,857 cases) of shoplifting, ranking first among all nationalities. Furthermore, Vietnam also recorded the highest number of prosecutions among all nationalities for robbery (24.0% of the total) and fraud (33.4% of the total). In special law offenses, the number of arrests for drug offenses surged to 332 (240 the previous year), accounting for approximately 30% of all foreigners in Japan.

China: The number of arrests was 2,225 (an increase of 446 from the previous year), and the number of people involved was 1,449 (an increase of 195), with a notable proportion of white-collar and violent crimes. The number of people arrested for white-collar crimes (fraud, etc.) was 178, the second highest after Vietnam (260). In addition, the number of arrests for fraud was 347, accounting for 30.3% of the total, second only to Vietnam. The number of arrests for violent crimes, including assault and battery, was 335 (284 the previous year), and the number of people involved was 384 (311 the previous year), the highest by nationality, with both accounting for approximately 20% of the total.

・Thailand: The number of arrests for criminal offenses jumped from 445 in the previous year to 1,687, an increase of approximately 3.8 times. The main reason for the increase was theft (1,604 cases), with burglary accounting for a very large number of cases at 765. This accounts for 17.6% of all burglaries committed by foreigners visiting Japan. In addition, the number of arrests for drug offenses also increased to 75 (52 in the previous year).

・Brazil: Car theft stands out. The number of arrests for car theft was 98, accounting for 41.9% of all arrests by foreigners visiting Japan, surpassing Vietnam (77 cases) and making it the highest number by nationality. The number of arrests for robbery was 11 (11.5% of the total), ranking third after Vietnam and China. The number of arrests increased to 857 (538 in the previous year), but the number of people involved was 362, a slight decrease from the previous year (365).

・Philippines: Crimes are spread across violent crimes, sex crimes, and shoplifting. A certain number of arrests are for sex crimes and prostitution offenses, such as non-consensual sexual intercourse (12 people) and non-consensual indecency (11 people). The number of shoplifting arrests is 118, the third largest after Vietnam and China.

・Cambodia: The most notable feature is that of the 708 criminal offenses arrested, 674 (approximately 95%) are theft. Among thefts, there are only 3 cases of burglary, suggesting that the focus is on non-burglary theft and vehicle theft. In particular, there have been reports of groups engaging in the theft of metals such as copper wire cables targeting solar power facilities.

Increasing Organization of Crime by Visiting Foreign Nationals

The nationality-specific trends outlined above suggest that criminal groups associated with visiting foreign nationals are, in some cases, organized along lines defined by their countries or regions of origin.

Figure 13: Composition Ratio by Co-Offending Type in Penal Code Offenses (2025)

Source: Compiled by the author based on Figure 3-1 in National Police Agency (2026b).

Figure 13 shows the breakdown of complicity in criminal offenses by foreigners in Japan and Japanese citizens. It shows that crimes committed by foreigners in Japan tend to be carried out by large groups and in an organized manner compared to those committed by Japanese citizens. In 2025, the proportion of complicity cases among criminal offenses arrested by foreigners in Japan was 45.3%, which is about 3.9 times higher than that of Japanese citizens (11.5%).

Theft is the most common type of crime committed by complicity among foreigners in Japan. In particular, 70.8% of burglaries targeting homes and 85.9% of car thefts were committed by complicity. The complicity rate for shoplifting was also 31.8%, which is about 8.8 times higher than the 3.6% rate for shoplifting committed by Japanese citizens (National Police Agency 2026b: 48).

According to the National Police Agency (2026b), while some organizations are organized by country of origin or region, there is also a trend towards multinational organizations, with members of various nationalities repeatedly joining and leaving for each crime in order to carry out crimes more cleverly and efficiently. Furthermore, some criminal organizations of foreigners in Japan exhibit the characteristics of "anonymous, mobile criminal groups," recruiting members anonymously through social media, forming impromptu criminal units through connections between individuals who have never met before. In addition, in recent years, numerous organized crimes have been observed that cross national borders, such as theft and fraud committed in Japan based on instructions from masterminds located overseas, with the stolen goods being exported abroad or the proceeds of the crime being remitted overseas. A major

characteristic of crimes committed by foreigners in Japan in recent years is the qualitative shift from accidental crimes committed by lone perpetrators to organized crimes with divided roles and specialization.

Conclusion

In response to the question, "Are crimes committed by foreigners increasing?", while there has been an increase in the short term, in the long term, the figures remain lower than the peak (around 2005) and have not reached a new record high.

However, focusing on the situation over the three years from 2023, the number of arrests for criminal offenses committed by foreigners visiting Japan has approximately doubled, and the total number of arrests has increased 1.7 times, indicating a rapid increase in a short period.

This rapid increase in crimes committed by foreigners visiting Japan is largely attributed to the rapid increase in the foreign population, including resident foreigners and foreign tourists. At the same time, it is important to note that the rate of complicity is high and crimes are concentrated in specific nationalities and types of offenses.

In future public safety policies, it is crucial not only to strengthen enforcement but also to dismantle the "criminal infrastructure" (such as aiding and abetting illegal employment, forging passports and residence cards, sham marriages, and underground banking) that supports highly organized and specialized crimes committed by foreigners.

Accurately understanding the underlying structures of statistics, eliminating bias, and implementing strategic and international measures will contribute to ensuring the safety and security of Japanese society.

References

• National Police Agency (2025a), "Chapter 3: Crime Situation of Foreigners in Japan," "Situation of Organized Crime in 2024," pp. 57-81,https://www.npa.go.jp/publications/statistics/kikakubunseki/R6jyousei.pdf(Accessed March 31, 2026).
   
• National Police Agency (2025b), "Chapter 4: Measures against Organized Crime: Section 3: Measures against Crimes Committed by Foreign Nationals in Japan," *2025 Police White Paper*, pp. 144-147,
  https://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/r07/pdf/07_dai4sho.pdf(Accessed March 30, 2026).
   
• National Police Agency (2026a) "Crime Statistics Data for July-December 2025 [Final Figures]",
  https://www.npa.go.jp/publications/statistics/sousa/statistics.html(Accessed March 30, 2026).
   
• National Police Agency (2026b), "Chapter 3: Crime Situation of Foreigners in Japan," "The Situation of Organized Crime in 2025," pp. 47-82,https://www.npa.go.jp/news/release/2026/r7jyousei.pdf(Accessed April 15, 2026).
   
• National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2025) "Research Project: Population Statistics Data Collection (2025 Edition)"
  https://www.ipss.go.jp/syoushika/tohkei/Popular/Popular2025.asp?chap=0(Accessed April 8, 2026)
   
• Korekawa, Yu (2025) "Understanding Immigrant Societies from Statistics ④ Does an Increase in Foreigners Deteriorate Public Safety? A Verification Using Crime Statistics," *Hitachi Foundation Global Society Review*, Vol. 04, pp. 32-37, Hitachi Foundation,https://www.hitachi-zaidan.org/global-society-review/vol4/commentary/index.html(Accessed March 30, 2026).
   
• Immigration Services Agency of Japan (2026a), "Number of Foreign Residents in Japan as of the End of 2025,"https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00062.html(Accessed March 30, 2026).
   
• Immigration Services Agency of Japan (2026b) "[Preliminary Figures for 2025] Publicly Released Data: Number of Foreign Nationals Entering Japan and Japanese Nationals Departing Japan in 2025,"https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001455228.pdf(Accessed March 31, 2026).
   
• Ministry of Justice (2013), "Part 7 Globalization and Criminal Policy, Chapter 4 Criminal Policy Initiatives in Response to Globalization," 2013 White Paper on Crime,https://hakusyo1.moj.go.jp/jp/60/nfm/n_60_2_7_4_1_1.html(Accessed April 13, 2026).
   
• Ministry of Justice (2025), "Part 4: Trends in Various Crimes and Treatment of Various Offenders: Chapter 9: Crimes and Delinquency Committed by Foreigners," *2025 White Paper on Crime*, pp. 245-255,https://www.moj.go.jp/housouken/housouken03_00145.html(Accessed March 30, 2026).
   
• Ministry of Justice (2026), "Trends in the Number of Illegal Residents,"https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001459078.pdf(Accessed April 13, 2026).

Social Policy Issue briefs and Researches